スマート・エネルギー・ソリューション：交差性アプローチ

課題

EUでは、建造物がエネルギー消費の約40％、CO2排出量の約36％を占めている。したがって、建造物がヨーロッパで最大のエネルギー消費者となっている（EC, 2019）。気候変動の解決策として、世界は効果的なエネルギー転換を必要としている。このエネルギー転換は、少なくともある程度、新しい技術やサービスがユーザーに受け入れられるかどうか、また、低炭素エネルギー・ソリューションの概念化、計画、実施にユーザーがしっかりと関与できるかどうかにかかっている。このケーススタディでは、新しいエネルギー効率化ツールや技術の採用を最大化するために、エネルギー研究とエネルギー製品・サービスの開発・設計・商業化にジェンダー分析と交差性分析を統合する方法について分析する。

方法： 工学によるイノベーション・プロセス

エネルギー効率化のためのツールやソリューションは、効果的なエネルギー転換を支援するために、あらゆる人にとって役に立つものでなくてはならない。エネルギー効率の高い技術や製品は数多くあるが、家庭、公共部門、産業界のユーザーから拒絶されることが多い。それは、ジェンダー規範やさまざまなライフスタイルによって形作られ影響をおよぼす、多様なユーザーグループの価値観、動機、ニーズに合致していないためである。工学的なプロセスを再設計することで、エネルギー効率の高いツールや製品をより広く受け入れてもらうことができる。

方法： 交差性アプローチ

エネルギーに関する議論では、しばしば人的要素が無視されるが、ジェンダー、社会経済的状況、年齢など、複数ある社会的アイデンティティの軸が、相互に依存し、重なり合っていることを認識する交差性アプローチが必要である。要素のひとつであるジェンダーは、年齢、民族、社会経済的状況といった他の社会的属性に影響を与えたり、またそれらによって形作られたりする。これらが合わさった複合的な要素が、エネルギーシステムを構成する複雑な社会技術的ネットワークに関わる市民の生活体験に影響をおよぼしているのである。

ジェンダード・イノベーション：

1. ジェンダー視点を取り入れたエネルギー効率化ツールのデザイン： 工学によるイノベーション・プロセス を再設計することにより、ユーザーが新技術を受け入れるようになり、エネルギー転換を推進できる環境および経済的ソリューションの新たな契機となった。

2. ジェンダー、年齢、社会経済的な要素の交差性アプローチでエネルギー転換を推進： エネルギー研究者、企業、政策立案者、研究者は、エネルギー政策においてジェンダーやその他の社会的、経済的、人口統計学的要素が果たす役割をより良く理解する必要がある。効果的で公平なエネルギー技術と政策には、ジェンダー分析と交差性分析が必要である。

The Challenge

Over the past few decades, governments and intergovernmental agencies have set ambitious energy efficiency and reduction targets. For example, the EU’s Directive on Energy Efficiency sets a target of 32.5% increase in energy efficiency by 2030 (EP, EC, 2012 - 2012/27/EU; EP, EC, 2018 - 2018/2002). These targets are part of the United Nation’s global effort to ensure access to affordable, reliable and sustainable energy for all. The UN aims to substantially increase the share of renewable energy in the global energy mix by 2030, which will require expanding infrastructure and upgrading technology (UN, 2015).

Despite energy-efficient construction and smart home installations, energy targets for the EU building sector have not been met. Consumers are often blamed for not using the technologies correctly. At the same time, smart technologies are often complex and frustrating to users. To overcome these problems, engineers and design experts need to integrate user perspectives in the design of technologies for homes and public buildings.

This case study analyses how energy efficiency projects can integrate gender perspectives along with sensitivity to age, socioeconomic and other social factors into design. Getting it right for a broad user base will help realize the potential of smart technologies that support EU and global energy targets.

Gendered Innovation 1: Designing Energy Efficiency Tools that Integrate Gender Perspectives

Over the past decades, product developers have integrated user-centric perspectives to better meet user needs and expectations. The field of energy efficiency, however, has lagged behind.

Danfoss, an international manufacturer and service provider for energy-efficient smart heating solutions, experienced low sales figures for one of its new products. When looking at its customer base, the company realized that women should constitute 50% of their users, but they were, in fact, significantly under-represented. To address the problem, Danfoss teamed up with design-people, a Danish design agency, to investigate the values, motivations and needs of women in relation to technology.

The agency used surveys to cluster users into five segments, characterized by different attitudes to technology.

The largest segment was characterized as “Pragmatic” tech-users (37%, finely balanced with 53% women and 47% men). Danfoss chose this group as the target for the company’s new entry-level smart thermostat.

The company created a persona, named “Johanna,” to represent this group. A careful focus on Johanna’s preferences along the entire customer journey allowed the design and engineering team to create an award-winning user experience for their new Danfoss ECO thermostat (https://www.design-people.com/portfolio/danfoss-eco/). Two years after introduction, the sales figures of the new thermostat—a good proxy for user adoption—exceeded Danfoss’s expectations.

This approach can be made more inclusive by including other social identities in the survey. The European Commission ENTRUST H2020 project (Dunphy et al., 2018, D3.2 and D3.3) has broadened the design approach to include users of different ages and socioeconomic backgrounds (see below). Other relevant variables may include educational level, race/ethnicity, sexual orientation and non-binary gender identity.

Method: Engineering Innovation Processes

1. Evaluating Past Innovation Practices
By analyzing the traditional engineering innovation process of Danfoss smart home appliances, the engineering team identified a lack of diversity in user perspectives as a problem. Without a clear focus on target personas, engineers and designers may unconsciously use themselves as a benchmark for the user experience.

2. Building diverse development and design teams
The Danfoss case clearly demonstrates the advantages of including women and men with diverse attitudes to technology in the design process. Integrating a wide range of new and diverse perspectives will lead to further innovation. New research priorities and research questions can lead to new findings and innovative ideas (see Rethinking Research Priorities and Outcomes and Formulating Research Questions).

3. Analyzing Users and Markets
User needs and behaviors can be identified through surveys, interviews, focus groups and direct observation. Engineers and designers can analyze gender by collecting quantitative survey data, as in the Danfoss example, or by observing user practices and learned behaviors. The best user research will include intersectional approaches to gender, ethnicity, age, socioeconomic status, etc.

4. Obtaining User Input
In the Danfoss project, participatory research allowed designers to tap into users’ tacit knowledge (see Co-Creation and Participatory Research). User research revealed that women valued both easy temperature control and air quality control. The engineers had not considered air quality or the aesthetics of thermostat design in the product development, and they had not been confronted with different experiences with respect to the ease of use of their product.

5. Evaluation and Planning
To improve the engineering innovation process, companies should assess the benefits and problems of current products and services. They should then transfer the lessons learned across other areas of the organization. Guidelines for the evaluation and planning of the engineering innovation process can be based on design-people and Rethinking Research Priorities and Outcomes.

View General Method

 

Danfoss and design-people translated their research findings and principles into a more user-responsive indoor climate solution, i.e. including not only temperature but also air quality controls. They replaced the wall-mounted control panels with more discreet sensors controlled from tablets and smart phones. This allowed users to balance climate comfort and energy saving by controlling their heating system remotely.

In addition, Danfoss paid attention to air quality. The surface of the new thermostat and sensors ruptured into crystal patterns when air quality deteriorated, indicating that users should refresh the air.

Gendered Innovation 2: Driving the Energy Transition by Integrating an Intersectional Approach to Gender, Age and Socioeconomic Factors

To tackle the energy transition, the European Union-funded H2020 research project ENTRUST (Energy System Transition Through Stakeholder Activation, Education and Skills Development) focused on the social dimensions of the energy system. This project introduced an intersectional approach to understand how gender, age and socioeconomic status impact the transition to a low carbon energy system. ENTRUST focused on attitudes to different energy technologies, including energy sources: fossil fuels, renewables and nuclear energy. Other projects might use different social analytics, such as sexuality, gender-diverse individuals, religion, etc. Each project must hypothesize the social factors most relevant to its goals.

ENTRUST analyzed the daily domestic routines of users from six European communities that differed socially, economically and geographically. The intersectional approach analyzed gender, socio-economic status and age as these relate to energy practices. The results showed that culture, age or poverty may have more impact on energy use than gender—see also Case Study: Climate

Laundry, for example, is a gendered issue. Men often leave laundry to women or to a laundry service, and thus do not mention it when describing their daily routines (Dunphy et al., 2018. D3.2, p.77). Income also impacts laundry practices. One low-income participant (male), conscious of the high cost of electricity, paid extra to buy an ecological washing machine. Two other low-income participants (female) did laundry at off-peak times when electricity rates were lower or simply did less washing to reduce costs. It is important to consider both gender and socioeconomic status as intersecting factors in order to forge solutions that cater for all social groups (Dunphy et al., 2018. D3.2, pp.56-57).

Another example is cooking, which neither women nor men typically mention as energy intensive. In lower-income households, however, both women and especially men have developed specific practices to reduce costs when preparing hot meals (Dunphy et al., 2018. D3.2, pp.62-63).

Further, analyses show that older generations consider today’s availability of electricity and energy as a privilege, not a given. Lifestyle changes which could reduce energy consumption are less appealing to this group (over 65). For different cohorts, different short-term and long-term perceptions of change will affect their choice of energy source and service, as shown below, and intersect with other sociodemographic factors such as gender or socio-economic status.

Based on this research, ENTRUST developed new approaches to public policy, business innovation and community engagement. Twelve business models emerged for energy production and supply, urban environments and shared mobility, with a particular focus on public-private partnerships and community-based approaches. Other approaches included Public Private Modularized Building (PPMB), Community-based energy service companies (ESCOs), Peer-to-Peer Community Energy Trading (P2P-CETs) or Free-floating Car Sharing with an Operational Area (FCSOA) (Dunphy, Lennon, et al., 2018. D6.4).

Method: Intersectional Approaches to the Energy Sector

The ENTRUST project applies the concept of intersectionality to highlight how various sociodemographic factors interact. The project seeks to understand how energy attitudes and behavior are shaped by social attributes, such as gender, age and socio-economic status. The teams were particularly interested in understanding the life experiences of citizens engaging with the complex socio-technical networks that constitute the energy system. This intersectional approach allows for a more differentiated analysis of energy-related attitudes and behaviors. The following table demonstrates the benefits of an intersectional analysis in comparison to other more restricted approaches (Hancock, 2013).

View General Method

 

Conclusions

The case study provides clear examples of how to improve research and innovation processes relevant to energy efficiency measures. It also shows how to improve new and existing technologies and enhance their market acceptance by integrating gender and diversity perspectives into development, design and testing.

1. To reach the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for energy infrastructure and technology, it will be important to implement gender and intersectional analyses as a cross-cutting issue. This will enhance the acceptance and usability of energy products and services, and stimulate the market uptake of energy solutions.

2. We recommend regular and systematic audits to evaluate energy systems and solutions from a gender perspective and an intersectional perspective.